Perioperative fluid management: Consensus statement from the enhanced recovery partnership

Introduction Enhanced Recovery (ER) after Surgery (or Fast Track) is a bundle of ‘best evidence based practices’ delivered by a multi-professional health care team, with the intention of helping patients recover faster after surgery [1]. Professor Henrik Kehlet, a surgeon from Denmark, pioneered the concept more than a decade ago but practitioners in the UK remained sceptical of his amazing results and adoption in the National Health Service (NHS) had been slow [1,2]. The Enhanced Recovery Partnership Programme (ERPP) was set up by the Department of Health in England in May 2009, to encourage the widespread adoption of ER with the aim of improving recovery from major surgery [1,3]. The Programme initially concentrated on elective major surgery in four specialities (Colorectal, Musculoskeletal, Gynaecology and Urology). Audit of ER practice by the early adopters demonstrated greater than 80% compliance with the majority of elements recommended by the ERPP. However, perioperative fluid management including the administration of pre-operative carbohydrate drinks and individualised goal directed fluid management guided by advanced haemodynamic monitoring (e.g. Oesophageal Doppler) had lower levels of compliance [3]. A pilot study using Commissioning for Quality and Innovation (CQUIN) to encourage practice change showed a dramatic improvement in outcomes in North Central London with very high levels of compliance with the ERPP recommended principles of perioperative fluid management, in particular goal directed fluid management [4]. The National Programme has evolved into the Enhanced Recovery Partnership (ERP), and the most recent guide published by the ERP includes evidence of widespread adoption of ER in the NHS in England and achievement of